Yanditswe Na Amy Harris
Inkuru nziza ni uko icyaba kiyitera cyose, kuyisuzumisha ikagaragara hakiri kare byerekana itandukaniro kandi rinini. Abana bose biga, kandi bagakura mu buryo butandukanye. Abana bamwe babasha gukura neza bishimishije nk’uko byifuza, abandi ntibigende uko. Itinda rijya riterwa n’ikibazo cy’indwara y’imikurire y’iby’imitsi. Indwara yo kutabasha kwitonda (ADHD) ni indwara izwi cyane muri izo z’ibijyanye n’imikuririre y’imitsi. Abahanga muri siyansi bizera ko iyi ndwara ikomoka ahanini mu miryango. Igihe igaragaye hakiri kare umwana akavurwa, ashobora kubaho nk’abandi. Cyakora, igihe atavuwe neza kandi hakiri kare, umwana ufite ADHD ashobora kugira ingaruka nyinshi, harimo no gutsindwa mu ishuri, agahinda gakabije, ibibazo by’imyitwarire, ikibazo mu mibanire n’abandi, hakaba n’ubwo yakoresha ibiyobyabwenge. Ibimenyetso by’iyi ndwara bigaraga guhera ku myaka itatu.
Byinshi mu bimenyetso bya ADHD bijya guhura cyane n’iby’umwana wahuye n’ibibazo byamuhungabanya. Indwara y’ihungabana, ni uburyo ubwonko bw’umuntu bwitwara biturutse ku kuba yarahuye n’ibikorwa byahungabanya haba ibyo yabayemo cyangwa se ibyo yabonye. Ibikorwa bihungabanya bishobora kugira ingaruka ku bwonko, imitekerereze, n’imyitwarire ndetse no kubana bato cyane. Abana bahuye n’ihungabana bashobora kugira ibibazo mu gukurikira, guhubuka, cyangwa se bakagorwa no kwicara batuje (hakaba ubwo byitwa ugukubagana) – ibi byose bishobora kuba ibimenyetso bya ADHD.
Ibindi bimenyetso rusange bya ADHD harimo kwibagirwa cyangwa se gutakaza ibintu kenshi, gutitira, gukunda kunyeganyeza ibirenge cyangwa intoki, kuvuga menshi, gukora amakosa yo kutita ku bintu mu masomo, gukora ibintu byagushyira mu kaga nta n’impamvu ifatika, kugorwa no gukora ibyo abanda bari gukora, ndetse no gukunda gushyamirana n’abandi, kutumvikana haba rwose n’ubwo hazamo kurwanana. Ibimenyetso ba ADHD bishobora no gukomeza n’umuntu yaramaze gukura.
Abarimu ni bo bantu ba mbere babona iyi ndwara ku mwana, nk’igihe umwana ari kugorwa no gufata cyangwa kubana n’abandi. Itegeko ku burezi rireba abafite ubumuga (IDEA ni itegeko ry’igihugu risaba ibigo kugenzura abana bafite bakekaho ubumuga. Itegeko rya IDEA rivugako umwana ashobora ashobora kwemererwa ubufasha bwihariye igihe bafite indwara ya ADHD, kandi iyo ndwara ya ADHD ikaba iri kumubera imbogamizi mu myigire ye. Ababyeyi nabo bafite uburenganzira bwo gusaba ko umwana wabo akorerwa isuzuma rigakorwa n’ikigo igihe icyo ari cyo cyose. Serivisi zitangwa igihe icyo ari cyo cyose ku bana bagaragaweho na ADHD.
Bamwe mu babyeyi ntabwo bazi ADHD, uburezi bwihariye cyangwa se amategeko asaba ko hagenzurwa, bashobora kwanga ko umwana wabo asuzumwa ndetse n’ubuvuzi ishuri rimwifuriza. Bashobora kwibeshya ko umwana wabo azakura bigashira nta bufasha babonye. Jesse Applegate, umuyobozi w’ishuri rya leta rya Portland rishinzwe uburezi bwihariye, avuga ko guhabwa ibisubizo bivuga ko umwana afite iyi ndwara bijya bitera ababyeyi guhangayika: “bisa nk’aho turi kubabwira ikintu kibi cyane … bishobora gutera ubwoba.” Cyakora, Applegate avuga ko gahunda ku muntu ku giti cye ndetse na serivisi zihari binyuze mu burezi bwihariye bifasha cyane, kandi “zigamije gufasha abanyeshuri, bakaguma mu mashuri asanzwe, bakigana n’inshuti zabo inshuro nyinshi zishoboka”.
Melissa Hoskins, umugenzuzi mu by’ubuzima mu kigo gitanga ubufasha ku mpunzi n’abimukira cya Maine (MEIRS), umuganga utanga serivisi ku muryango wose, serivisi ku buzima bw’imyitwarire, ndetse na serivisi z’urubyiruko mu gace ka Lewiston, yemera ko ababyeyi akenshi badafata neza amakuru ababwira ko umwana wabo akeneye gukorerwa isuzuma. Cyakora, abagira inama yo gukora n’ibigo, akavuga ko guhakana bitinza isuzuma, bigatinza ukuvurwa nyamara gufatirana hakiri kare bishobora gufasha umwana. Serivisi zishobora gutuma umwana agera kuri byinshi.
Ababyeyi batamenyereye imikorere muri U.S bashobora kutizera, cyangwa se bakumva batutswe igihe basabwe ko umwana wabo yakorerwa isuzuma, hakaba n’ubwo bahakana, batinya ko umwana wabo yashyirwa mu kiciro runaka cyangaw se agakorerwa ivangura.
Kugenzura ko umwana yaba afite ADHD bisaba impuguke – nk’umuganga w’indwara zo mumutwe, cyangwa abahanga mu by’imitekerereze, impuguke mu mibanire y’abantu, umuganga w’abana cyangwa se umuganga w’umuryango, umuganga w’indwara z’imitsi, umuganga uvura indwara z’amatwi cyangwa se uvura indwara z’amaso. Uburyo bikorwamo bishobora gutera ubwoba, kabone n’ubwo byaba ari ku babyeyi bavukiye muri Amerika, bamenyereye imikorere y’urwego rw’uburezi muri Amerika. Ku babyeyi bavukiye hanze ya Amerika, igitekerezo cyo gusuzuma indwara cyangwa ubumuga bishobora kubagora cyane kubyumva.
Mu gutangira, imiryango y’impunzi n’abimukira ishobora kuba itamenyereye iby’ubuvuzi bwihariye cyangwa se iby’itegeko risaba abarimu gusaba ko umwana asuzuma ko adafite ubumuga cyangwa indi ndwara. Ikindi, benshi mu babyeyi mpunzi n’abimukira baba bananiwe cyane bananijwe n’ibyo gushaka inzu, ibyo kurya, akazi ndetse no kubonera ibyangombwa byemewe n’amategeko imiryango yabo, maze ikindi kibazo kikaba kibituyeho. Ababyeyi batamenyereye imikorere muri U.S bashobora kutizera, cyangwa se bakumva batutswe igihe basabwe ko umwana wabo yakorerwa isuzuma, hakaba n’ubwo bahakana, batinya ko umwana wabo yashyirwa mu kiciro runaka cyangaw se agakorerwa ivangura.
Umuti uzwi cyane ku bana bafite ADHD wibanda ahanini mu guhangana n’ibimenyetso binyuze mu kuganirizwa cyangwa se imiti. Ku bana bakiri bato, abatanga ubufasha mu buvuzi akenshi babasabira ubuvuzi binyuze mu gukoreshwa ibiganiro aho kuba imiti. Ubuvuzi mu bijyanye n’imyitwarire bugira inama ababyeyi ndetse n’abana bakwiye gukoresha bigisha kandi batumwa umwana amenya imyitwarire myiza, ndtse n’ibijyanye no kuganira n’uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo. Kurya indyo irimo intungamubiri, gukora siporo buri munsi kandi uhozaho, kugabanya umwanya umwana amara ku byuma by’ikoranabuhanga bikajya munsi y’isaha imwe cyangwa abiri ku munsi, kubona umwanya munini wo kuryama bishobora gutuma umwana abana na ADHD neza hakiri kare.
ADHD ni indwara, ntabwo ari ikintu giteye ikimwaro, gusa nk’uko bivugwa na Bethany Cainciolo, umujyanama w’umwuga utanga ubufasha hifashishijwe ibiganiro mu guhindura imyitwarire ku miryango binyuze muri gahunda Gateway Community Services, “Akato mu miryango myinshi ituruka ku bibazo byo mumutwe ndetse n’indwara ku mikurire y’ibijyanye n’imitsi bituma abimukira n’impunzi hamwe n’imiryango yabo batagera ku bufasha bakeneye.” N’ubwo imiti ishobora gufasha mu kuvura indwara ya ADHD ku bana benshi, akenshi abagize umuryango mugari usanga batemeranywa n’abana bafata imiti.
Amwe mu mashuri muri Maine akoresha impuguke mu biganiro hamwe n’imiryango (FCS), ufite akazo ko guhuza ababyeyi, amashuri hamwe n’umuryango. Bitandukanye n’abana bafite ababyeyi bavukiye muri U.S. – bakuze batozwa kuvuganira abana babo mu mashuri, abantu baturuka mu yindi mico hari ubwo batamenyereye ibyo kubaza umwarimu, umuyobozi cyangwa se umuganga ibibazo. Nyamara ibigo, abaganga ndetse n’abajyanama mu by’imwitwarire muri U.S baba bategereje ko ababyeyi hamwe n’imiryango “baba abafatanyabikorwa mu kugerageza kumva icyo ibisubizo byavuye mu isuzuma bivuga, ndetse bakamenya ko bafite uburenganzira bwo kubaza amakuru menshi, basaba andi masuzuma, cyangwa se bakaba bananga ko bavurwa,” byasobanuwe na Maureen Clancy, wo mu ishuri rya leta rya Portland ushinzwe ibijyanye no korohereza abakeneye ubufasha mu by’indimi.
Akazi ka babantu twavuze bitwa FCS harimo no gusobanura imikorere y’uburezi muri U.S. Clancy agira ati “Aba bantu FCS barenze kuba abasemuzi gusa. Bafasha mu nama n’ababyeyi, bakora nk’abafasha mu guhuza imico, bafasha mu gufata gahunda n’abaganga ngo hakorwe isuzuma, bakanatanga ubufasha mu by’imyumvire ku bana n’imiryango kuri byose birebana n’uburezi bwihariye – igice gishobora gukomerera imiryango mu buryo bwihuse”.
Haba ADHD ndetse n’ihungabana ku bana zishobora kugaragara harimo n’izindi ndwara, harimo nk’agahinda gakabije, kwiheba cyangwa se ubundi bumuga bwo gufata. Ubushakashatsi ku bana bavukiye muri U.S ndetse n’ingimbi bwerekana ko abarenga 60% by’abana bafite ADHD bashobora kuba bafite byibura indi ndwara imwe. Ibirushya mu buzima nko gushaka inzu bishobora gusubiza inyuma ubuzima bwo mumutwe butari bunameze neza harimo n’ibimenyetso bya ADHD.
Igitera indwara ya ADHD ntabwo kiramenyekana neza, gusa ubushakashatsi ndetse n’abaganga bemera ko bishobora kuba indwara yo mumuryango ikomoka kubo umuntu akomokaho. Ubushakashatsi burakomeza. Inkuru nziza ni uko icyaba cyiyitera cyose, kugaragara kare ndetse no gusuzumwa neza no kuvurwa bishobora kugira itandukaniro rinini”
